National Political Elites, European Integration and the Eurozone Crisis by Nicolò Conti & Borbala Goncz & Jose Real-Dato

Author:Nicolò Conti & Borbala Goncz & Jose Real-Dato [Conti, Nicolò & Goncz, Borbala & Real-Dato, Jose]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781138479784
Goodreads: 39227141
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2018-06-18T00:00:00+00:00

Notes

1 Borbála Göncz was supported by an ÚNKP grant while finalizing this chapter.

2 The financial crisis that the member states of the EU are undergoing started in 2008 and developed into a sovereign debt crisis from early 2010.

3 The countries included in this chapter are somewhat different from those in the other chapters. Only those countries were included where there was a dataset available for the public opinion.

4 Questions had similar wording in the case of the INTUNE and ENEC data, while EES question wording were slightly different, nevertheless, the scale of measurement was identical. INTUNE/ENEC:

Some say European unification should be strengthened. Others say it already has gone too far. What is your opinion? Please indicate your views using a 10-point-scale. On this scale, ‘0’ means unification ‘has already gone too far’ and ‘10’ means it ‘should be strengthened’.

EES:

Some say European unification should be pushed further. Others say it already has gone too far. What is your opinion? Please indicate your views using a scale from 0 to 10, where ‘0’ means ‘unification has already gone too far’ and ‘10’ means “it should be pushed further’.

5 Eurostat statistic GDPGR is calculated based on the GDP at current prices valued in the prices of the previous year.

6 Although measured on a similar scale (1–4), question wording were slightly differing. INTUNE/ENEC: ‘People feel different degrees of attachment to their region, to their country and to Europe. What about you? Are you very attached, somewhat attached, not very attached or not at all attached’. EES: ‘For each of the following statements, please tell me to what extent it corresponds or not to your attitude or opinion. You feel attached to Europe’. Answers: Yes, totally/Yes, somewhat/No, not really/No, not at all.

7 Time could not constitute a third level, since three waves are insufficient to fulfil the common statistical criteria for the number of units at a third level. Accordingly, time cannot be modelled as level one determinant, because by doing this all cross-level interactions would become significant.

8 This is further underlined by the Intra-class correlation (ICC) of 6 per cent.

9 We have also tested these hypotheses with the unemployment rate, which gave basically the same results.

10 The GDPGR is wave mean centered, which allows a focus on the country-specific differences in the general economic development and for comparision of those countries that perform above or below the average of the eight countries under investigation. The average annual GDPGR of the eight countries was centred by using the unweighted mean to avoid any bias towards the bigger countries of France and Germany.

11 Elite polarization is also centered to compare countries with above and below levels of polarization, i.e. wherein the issue of European integration is more or less controversially debated among their elites both within and between parties.

12 The strength of identification measured on a 1–4 scale is again wave mean centered in order to compare individual citizens and elite members who are above or below the average of the eight countries under investigation. This

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